你会不会有这样的感受,一篇文章读了好几遍才懂。又或者你有没有这样的感觉,一个在线教程学了好几遍还不会?
别自卑,你不是一个人。并且小编告诉你,大多数人都和你一样。
今天通过下面这篇小文,我们来学习什么叫“认知负荷理论”,以及如何利用这个理论学得更容易。
记忆的3个重要阶段
关于大脑如何处理信息,有很多理论模型试图对其作出解释。 其中有一条最著名的解释:外部信息必须穿过我们记忆的“三道枷锁”才能被永久储存。他们是:
感官记忆 —— 一种丢弃不必要信息的过滤器。
工作记忆 —— 要变成长期记忆的必经之路,通过重复和强化传递信息。
长期记忆 —— 已被大脑完全储存的记忆。
设想这样一个场景。让我们来看看这3个阶段,是如何在你大脑中工作的。
你在一个咖啡馆,边喝着咖啡边阅读一篇关于动物的文章,你的感官记忆,过滤了咖啡馆的各种谈话声音,甚至食物的味道。并为你保留下了你阅读到的关于动物的种种记忆。
接着就是工作记忆出场了。首先它会在你大脑的长期记忆中搜索你刚刚读到的那些动物,然后将这些信息添加到相应的位置,成为你长期记忆的一部分。
认知负荷理论是什么?
认知负荷理论是建立在以上基础的。根据该理论,大脑工作时,记忆容量其实只有5到9个载体。为了达到最佳效果,我们要尽量避免其中任何一个记忆超载。别怕,这其中有诀窍。
形态的影响
很多人不知道,听觉和视觉在大脑中其实是被分开处理的,他们能在记忆中并列同时存在而又不占用双倍空间。这就是所谓的模态效应。这样讲可能有些太枯燥了。思考下,为什么现在全球最流行的展示方式都是ppt+演讲。如果一个展示只有记录了所有信息的ppt,没有演讲,会有什么影响?是的,这就是信息过载,你的视觉承担了所有的信息。
认知负荷理论的5大策略
利用现有的知识
在现有的想法和概念基础上去传递新的知识会更容易接受。这意味着,学习是有层次递进的,一口气吃不了胖子,先看简单的再学习难的总是正确的。在你学习一节课之前,先花上几分钟去巩固一下之前学的内容。找出它和新话题之间的联系。利用你的已知知识去最大限度地帮助你,提高学习效果,也能将你脑中现有框架变得更完善。
避免对目标过分执着
是的目标很重要,这是我们一直强调的。但是如果过分苛求目标会破坏学习的过程,它会占用我们的工作记忆,使我们无法处理新的信息。通过专注当前,放弃太远的目标,至少暂时,能让我们以最佳的速度学习。所以最好的办法是化整为零,将大目标拆散成一步步小目标,通过完成小目标一步步接近大目标,避免好高骛远。
一次只关注一件事
在多个类似的信息源之间切换,例如同样的视觉,你在两个目标间来回切换,就会造成大量的认知负荷。为了避免这点,一次一个源学习,或者找到一个办法多源结合,才能让你学的更走心。
使用视听媒体
现在我们知道学习最重要的2个信息流,听觉和视觉。我们利用模态效应,就能在避免信息过载的同时,获得学习效率的巅峰。
减少不必要的信息
去除环境干扰很重要,它可以让感官记忆更容易地进行工作。例如,在上班途中,你可以试着闭上眼睛听耳机里的播客。其实最好的学习方式是边听,边做笔记,视觉和听觉元素相互促进,从而获得最佳的学习性价比。
下面是一些简单、自然、有时候有些奇怪的方法提高记忆力。
1. Play brain games
玩益智游戏
By the time you're an adult, you probably have a routine carved out. Get up, go to work, come home, be with family. These habits work because you've done them over and over, and they use the same neural pathways in your brain. Shaking up this routine can stimulate your brain so it keeps developing. Find brain teasers, or do sudoku and crossword puzzles in the paper. There are an influx of websites and game cartridges that will help you use your brain in different ways.Taking a new way home from work, visiting different places over the weekend, and reading different types of books will also activate lesser-used areas of the brain. Anything that's new, fun, and challenging will stimulate your brain.
成年之后你可能有一些固定的生活习惯。起床、上班、回家、和家人待在一起。有这样的一些习惯是因为你已经重复了很多次,在你的大脑中已经形成了固定的思维模式。改变这些习惯可以刺激大脑,改善记忆力。看一些脑筋急转弯、做做数独,填字游戏。使用一些网站或是游戏都可以让你用不同的思维方式思考。重新找一条回家的路,周末的时候去一些不一样的地方,阅读一些类型不一样的书籍也能激活大脑中那些平常较少使用的区域。不管你做什么,只要是与之前有些不一样的、有趣的、对你来说有一定挑战性的都能刺激你的大脑。
2. Eat brain foods.
吃益智的食物
Food is fuel for the body, and also fuels the brain! Eating a well-balanced diet will not only improve your memory‒it can reduce your risk of dementia in old age. Eat plenty of omega-3s, which can be found in a variety of fish. If you don't like seafood, try eating more walnuts, spinach, broccoli, and kidney beans. Eat more fruits and vegetables; they're packed with antioxidants that protect brain cells from damage.
食物是身体的养分,同样也是大脑的能量来源。饮食均衡不仅能改善记忆力还能降低患老年痴呆的风险。多吃鱼类的脂肪酸,要是你不喜欢吃海鲜,可以试试核桃,菠菜,花椰菜,芸豆,还要多吃水果和蔬菜,这些食物都含有大量的抗氧化剂,可以保护脑细胞。
3. Exercise.
锻炼
Exercising keeps your body in shape, but it also keeps your brain healthy. Losing weight not only restores your body to how it used to look, it also improves your memory function. Walking six to nine miles a week, helps preserve your memories.
锻炼不仅可以塑形还能保持大脑的健康,锻炼减肥不仅能让你重拾好身材还能改善你的记忆力。每周步行6-9公里可以让你的记忆力不减退。
4. Get enough sleep.
保证充足的睡眠
It's common sense that you need a certain amount of sleep to function every day, but did you know that sleep improves memory? It's because your brain stays so busy, even while you're asleep! The brain works on memories, even reorganizing them.
几乎所有人都知道每天要保证足够的睡眠,但是你知不知道睡眠还能改善记忆力呢?这是因为你的大脑一直都在运转,你在睡觉的时候也没有停下来。睡觉的时候大脑就在储存记忆、甚至是重组记忆。
5. Chew gum.
嚼口香糖
A study showed that chewing gum helped individuals stay more focused on a task. They also had improved short-term memory compared with those who didn't chew gum. Just make sure your chewing doesn't turn into annoying chomping‒that might disrupt others' concentration!
研究证明咀嚼口香糖的时候某些人也能将注意力集中在他的工作中。比起那些不嚼口香糖的人,这样也有助于提高短期记忆力。但是记住咀嚼口香糖的时候不要干扰到别人。
6. Manage stress levels.
调整好压力
Stress makes you feel strung out and hectic, but it also negatively impacts your brain. Over time, chronic stress kills brain cells, the section of the brain that forms new memories and stores old ones.
压力会让你精神恍惚、疲惫不堪,同时也会给你的大脑带来负面影响。多次以后长期的压力就会杀死脑细胞,大脑里的一块区域就会形成新的记忆、储存旧的记忆。
7. Have a healthy iron level.
维持身体里铁含量的正常水平
Iron deficiency can have adverse effects on brain function, including attention and memory issues. Studies have shown that people who have low iron levels and took memory tests took longer to finish these tests, as well as scored significantly lower than people with normal iron levels. Thankfully, taking an iron supplement easily reverses these negative points. In that same study, people who took supplements scored at a normal level just a couple of months later.
缺铁会影响大脑功能,包括注意力和记忆力的问题。研究表明铁元素含量低的人、参加记忆力测试所需时间长的人,他们体内铁元素的含量明显低于正常人。值得庆幸的是,补充铁很容易改善这一点。研究也表明补充铁以后,几个月内就能恢复正常水平。
8. Clench your right fist.
握紧拳头
Sounds crazy simple, right? … Or just crazy. But a study was done showing that individuals who clenched their right fists while learning new material, then clenched their left fist when recalling that material, remembered more than groups who didn't clench their fists at all.
很简单、很奇怪吧?但是一项研究表明:一些人在学习新事物的时候紧握拳头、回忆所学东西的时候也握紧拳头,记住的东西比那些没有握紧拳头的人要多。
9. Learn to focus.
专注
Multitasking has always been hailed as a good thing, a trait that makes people more productive. But it's not. Multitasking actually distracts your brain. Trying to juggle too many tasks at once prevents you from focusing on, and completing, one thing.
一次性干很多件事似乎是件好事,是工作效率高的一种表现。但事实上不是这样的,事情多会分散大脑的注意力,一次性应对很多件事会让你注意力没法集中在一件事情上。
10. Sip red wine.
喝点红酒
Last but certainly not least! Red wine is rich in resveratrol, which boosts blood flow in the brain and reduces risk of Alzheimer's disease. Be sure you drink in moderation, since alcohol can kill brain cells. Doctors recommend one glass a day for women, and two for men. If you want to stay away from alcohol completely, resveratrol is also found in cranberry juice, grape juice, peanuts, and fresh grapes and berries.
最后,红酒里富含白藜芦醇,可以增加大脑的血流量,降低患上阿尔茨海默氏症的风险。但是一定要喝得适量,因为酒精也会杀死脑细胞。医生的建议是:女人一天可以喝一杯,男人一天可以喝两杯。要是你不想喝酒,酸果蔓汁、葡萄汁、花生和新鲜的葡萄和浆果里也有白藜芦醇。