)Long Noncoding RNAs: Cellular Address Codes in Development and Disease
lncRNA是生命发育和疾病的空间地址码
In biology as in real estate, location is a cardinal organizational principle that dictates the accessibility and flow of informational traffic.
如果把生物体比喻成“房地产”，“地址”是一个重要的组织原则，决定了细胞信息的可读性和信息沟通的流动性。
An essential question in nuclear organization is the nature of the address code—how objects are placed and later searched for and retrieved.
细胞核内“空间地址码”信息如何组织中的是一个首要的问题，基因信息代码如何被放置，然后如何被搜索和检索的。
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key components of the address code,allowing protein complexes, genes, and chromosomes to be trafficked to appropriate locations and subject to proper activation and deactivation.
长链非编码RNAs（lncRNAs）作为“空间地址码”的关键部件，使得蛋白复合物，基因和染色体被分置到适当的位置，并受到适当的激活和失活。
lncRNA-based mechanisms control cell fates during development, and their dysregulation underlies some human disorders caused by chromosomal deletions and translocations.
lncRNA相关的机制控制细胞生命过程；在发育过程中，其一些由染色体缺失和易位失调是引起的人类疾病重要原因。
Comparison between a Roman City and the Cell Nucleus Reveals the Importance of Spatial Organization
罗马城市架构与细胞核空间架构的比较揭示了空间组织的重要性
(A) Depiction of the basic features of a Roman city.
(A) 罗马城市的基本架构特征的描绘。
City walls delimit the city, with gates at the two main roads that intersect at the center of the city.
城墙划定的城市范围，在两条主要道路相交的城市中心的大门。
The Forum was the business and political center of the city, and many buildings provided specific functions that were essential for city life.
中心广场是城市的商业和政治中心，许多建筑提供了城市生活所必需的具体功能。
(B) Schematic representation of the typical nuclear organization during interphase.
(B)典型细胞核空间组织在“细胞间期”的示意图。
Each chromosome occupies a discrete territory.
每个染色体都占据一个独立的区域。
Euchromatin localizes to the interior regions of the nucleus, and the densely compacted heterochromatin localizes near the nuclear envelope.
常染色质定位于细胞核的内部区域，和密实的异染色质位于核膜附近。
Many specialized functions are executed in distinct regions in the nucleus, known as nuclear bodies.
许多行驶专门的功能被安置在细胞核中不同的区域，被称为细胞核”核躯体“。
One example is the nucleolus, where ribosomes are assembled.
一个例子是“细胞核核仁”，核糖体的组装的位置。
Adapted from Solovei et al. 2009
Solovei 等人材料（2009年）整理而来
Functional Modules of lncRNAs in the Nucleus
细胞核中的功能lncRNA功能模块
(A) The act of tranion at noncoding regions can modulate gene expression through the recruitment of chromatin modifiers to the site of tranion.
(A) 非编码区的转录行为如何调控基因的表达，可以招募蛋白导致染色质修饰的方式。
These complexes can create a local chromatin environment that facilitates or blocks the binding of other regulators.
这些复合物可以创建一个固化的染色质微环境，有利于或阻止其他调控蛋白对该区域的结合。
(B) lncRNAs can function in cis, recruiting protein complexes to their site of tranion and thus creating a locus-specific address.
(B) lncRNA在基因调控过程中起”顺式作用“、招募蛋白复合物到基因组的转录区域，从而创造一个”位点特异性“的转录调控模式。
Cells can use this mechanism to repress or activate gene expression.
细胞可以利用这种机制来抑制或激活基因的表达。
(C) lncRNAs can function in trans and recruit protein complexes to chromatin loci away from their site of tranion.
(C)lncRNA可以”反式作用“的功能调控模式，招募蛋白复合物到染色质特定位点，远离转录位点进行调控。
(D) lncRNAs can bind and sequester tranion factors away from their target chromosomal regions.
(D) lncRNA可以绑定并隔离转录因子，让转录因子远离自己的目标染色体区域。
Schematic Representation of the Cell Nucleus, Showing the Nucleolus and Chromosomal Territories
细胞核的示意图，描绘了核仁和染色体区域
(A) Protein components of the Paraspeckle diffused throughout the nucleoplasm aggregate upon the tranion of NEAT1, forming the Paraspeckle nuclear domain.
(A)Paraspeckle的蛋白成分 弥漫整个细胞核间质中；由于NEAT1的转录形成了Paraspeckle的结构域。
#In anatomy, a paraspeckle is an irregularly shaped compartment of the cell, approximately 0.2-1 μm in size，found in the nucleus'interchromatin space.
(B) Pc2 differentially binds MALAT1/NEAT2 or TUG1 depending on methylation status.
(B) PC2差异结合MALAT1 / NEAT2或TUG1程度取决于基因组甲基化的状态。
Methylated Pc2 interacts with TUG1, bringing associated growth control genes to a repressive environment, the polycomb body (PcG).
甲基的Pc2与TUG1互作，导致相关的生长调控，对压抑的环境的应答；以及对多梳体（PcG）的激活。
Unmethylated Pc2 interacts with MALAT1/NEAT2 at the interchromatin granule (ICG), where gene expression is permitted.
未甲基化的Pc2与MALAT1 / NEAT2在染色质内的颗粒（ICG）区互作，其中基因表达调控是允许的。
(C) Expression of lncRNAs with snoRNA ends from the Prader-Willi syndrome locus functions as a sink for the FOX2 protein, leading to redistribution of this splicing factor in this nuclear region.
(C) Prader-Willi综合征基因功能区末端的snoRNA 与lncRNA表达，导致了从为FOX2蛋白的移位，并导致在这个核区的剪接因子的再分配。
(D) In response to cellular stress, tranion of specific IGSRNAs leads to the retention of targeted proteins at the nucleolus.
(D) 细胞应激反应，具体IGSRNA转录导致靶蛋白在细胞核内的保留。
Different types of stress lead to the retention of different proteins through the expression of specific noncoding RNAs.
不同细胞类型的应力导致不同蛋白质的保留，它们都是通过具体表达的非编码RNA达成的。
lncRNAs Regulate Gene Expression in the Cytoplasm
lncRNA调节基因的表达在细胞质中
(A) The lncRNA TINCR interacts with STAU1 and target mRNAs containing the TINCR box motif, promoting their stability.
(A)TINCR这个lncRNA与STAU1蛋白结合和靶mRNA的含有“TINCR”基序（Motif），促进其稳定。
(B) lncRNAs of the 1/2-sbsRNAs class hybridize with 3′-UTR-containing Alu elements and promote the degradation of these target mRNAs.
(B) 1／2-sbsRNAs家族与3′UTR含有AluDNA家族序列结合，和促进这些目标mRNA的降解。
(C) Under stress conditions, the lncRNA antisense to Uchl1 moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and binds the 5′ end of theUchl1 mRNA to promote its translation under stress conditions.
(C) 在胁迫条件下，Uchl1反义链从细胞核到细胞质中的，结合Uchl1mRNA转录本的5端，在胁迫条件下促进其翻译。
(D) lincRNA-p21 interacts with and targets RcK to mRNAs, resulting in translation inhibition.
(D) lincRNA-P21与和目标Rck基因的mRNA，导致翻译抑制。
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